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Carcano

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Carcano
Carcano Modello 1891 infantry rifle
TypeBolt-action rifle
Place of originKingdom of Italy
Service history
In service1891–1981 (Italy)
1891–present (others)
Used bySee Users
WarsMahdist War
First Italo-Ethiopian War
Boxer Rebellion
Italo-Turkish War
World War I
Vlora War
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
Spanish Civil War
Second Sino-Japanese War
Winter War
World War II
Italian Civil War
Indonesian National Revolution
Greek Civil War
1958 Lebanon crisis
Bale Revolt
Lebanese Civil War
Kosovo War
Tuareg rebellion
Libyan Civil War
Production history
DesignerSalvatore Carcano
Designed1890
Produced1891–1945
No. built5,000,000–6,000,000 of all variants
VariantsLong rifle, short rifle, cavalry carbine, special troops' carbine
See Variants
Specifications (Fucile mod. 91)
MassMod. 91: 3.8 kg (8 lb 6 oz)
Moschetto: 3.16 kg (7.0 lb)
Moschetto TS: 2.9 kg (6.4 lb)
Mod. 91/41: 3.72 kg (8.2 lb)
Mod. 91/38: 3.4 kg (7.5 lb)
LengthMod. 91: 1,285 mm (50.6 in)
Moschetto: 915 mm (36.0 in)
Mod. 91/41: 1,175 mm (46.3 in)
Mod. 91/38: 1,018 mm (40.1 in)
Barrel lengthMod. 91: 780 mm (30.7 in)
Moschetto: 450 mm (18 in)
Mod. 91/41: 692 mm (27.2 in)
Mod. 91/38: 530 mm (21 in)
Cartridge
ActionBolt action
Muzzle velocity700 m/s (2,300 ft/s)
Effective firing range90–275 m (98–301 yd)
Feed system6-round integral box magazine, loaded with 6-round en-bloc clips

Carcano is the frequently used name for a series of Italian bolt-action, internal box magazine fed, repeating military rifles and carbines. Introduced in 1891, the rifle was chambered for the rimless 6.5×52mm Carcano round (Cartuccia a pallottola Modello 1891, later updated to Cartuccia a pallottola Modello 1891/95). It was developed by the chief technician Salvatore Carcano at the Turin Army Arsenal in 1890, and was originally called the Fucile Modello (model) 1891 or simply Mod. 91. Successively replacing the previous Vetterli-Vitali rifles and carbines in 10.35×47mmR, it was produced from 1891 to 1945. The Mod.91 family of weapons included both rifle (fucile) and shorter-barreled carbine (moschetto) form and was used by most Italian troops during World War I and by Italian and some German forces during World War II. The rifle was also used during the Winter War by Finland, and again by regular and irregular forces in Syria, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria during various postwar conflicts in those countries.

The Type I Carcano rifle was produced by Italy for the Japanese Empire prior to World War II. After the invasion of China, all Arisaka production was required for use of the Imperial Army, so the Japanese Defense Ministry made a trade deal with the Italian Government for 130,000 rifles (later reduced to 120,000), formally to arm and train the Manchukuo puppet government's army.[1] The Type I is based on the Type 38 rifle and retains the Carcano action, but uses the Arisaka/Mauser-type 5-round internal box magazine. The Type I was used primarily by Japanese collaborationist units and by the Imperial Naval Forces; it was chambered for the Japanese 6.5×50mm Arisaka cartridge. Approximately 120,000 Type I rifles were produced by Italian arsenals for the Japanese military.[2]

A Carcano Mod.91/38 rifle was used by Lee Harvey Oswald to assassinate United States President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[3]

History

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Although this rifle is often called "Mannlicher–Carcano", especially in American parlance, it was officially the 6.5×52mm Mod. 91 rifle. The "Mannlicher" title came from the en bloc loading clips system, having nothing to do with the action itself, which was a modified Gewehr 1888 action (which itself was a combination of the action from the Mauser Model 1871 with the Mannlicher en bloc loading); in Italy the rifle was commonly reported by army and civilian sources as "Carcano-Mannlicher" since the action engineer is usually named before the magazine designer's in Italian nomenclatures (like with Vetterli-Vitali and others). Some Italian sources also report the name "Mauser-Parravicino", after General Gustavo Parravicino of the Infantry Shooting School and head of the commission that recommended the Mod. 91 adoption. Italian soldiers simply called the rifle as the "il novantuno" (the ninety-one).[4]

Until 1938, all M91 rifles and carbines were chambered for the rimless 6.5×52mm Mod. 91/95 cartridge, using a round-nose metal case bullet of 160 grains weight at approximately 2,000–2,400 ft/s muzzle velocity, depending upon barrel length. At least one small arms author noted inconsistencies in powder types in arsenal-loaded 6.5×52mm military ammunition, often with different powder types and ammunition lots intermixed within a single clip of ammunition [5], but most probably was inspecting a mixed batch of different type of cartridges. Modern collectors checking clips from the same batch of mod.91/95 ammo can verify by themselves that the type of smokeless powder is always the same (Solenite in hollow cylinders) and that the average weight of the charge is 35 grains[6].

Carcanos shot several different kind of ammunition, with specific purposes and different kind of smokeless powders to achieve the best results. Some were inherited by the Vetterli loads (like the "Mitraglia" grapeshot bullets for crowd control), while some were created during WW1 to help soldiers in the field (explosive, armor piercing bullets and tracers). [7]

Two government ammo factories (Bologna and Capua) and two major private producers (S.M.I and B.P.D.), along with several subcontractors, produced ammo for the Italian armed forces, with strict controls on each produced batch, for materiels, consistency and accuracy.[8]

After reports of inadequate performance at both short and long ranges[9][10] during WW1 and the campaigns in Italian North Africa (1924–1934), and the Second Italo-Abyssinian War (1935-1936), the Italian Army introduced a new cartridge in 7.35×51mm in 1937, followed by a new short rifle in 1938, the Fucile Modello 1938. In addition to the slightly larger caliber, Italian ordnance designers introduced a spitzer-type bullet for the new cartridge, with the tip filled with aluminum to produce an unstable (tumbling) projectile upon impact in soft tissue (a design most likely copied from the .303 British Mk VII bullet).

However, the war started before the Italian government was able to successfully mass-produce the new arms in adequate quantities to rearm the whole army, and in 1940, all rifle and ammunition production reverted to 6.5 mm. Despite some authors' claims, no 7.35 mm Mod. 38 rifles nor carbines were ever re-barrelled to the old 6.5×52mm caliber. Some Italian troops serving on the Russian front were armed with 7.35 mm Mod. 1938 rifles, but exchanged them in 1942 for 6.5×52 mm arms.[11]

(Left to Right) 7.92mm Mauser (also called 8mm Mauser), 6.5mm Carcano, and 7.35mm Carcano

Approximately 94,500 7.35mm Mod. 38 rifles were shipped to Finland, where they were known as Terni carbines (from the Terni stamp with the royal crown, the seal of the Regia fabbrica d’armi di Terni arsenal where they were manufactured).[12] They arrived too late for the Winter War, but they were used by security and line-of-communications troops during the continuation War, though some frontline troops were issued the weapon.[12] According to reports, the Finns disliked the rifle.[12] With its non-standard 7.35 mm caliber, it was problematic to keep frontline troops supplied with good quality, or any ammunition at all, and its non-adjustable rear sight (fixed for 200 m) made it ill-suited for use in precision shooting at the varied ranges encountered by Finnish soldiers during the conflict.[12] Despite this, it's worth noticing that the Finns themselves modified the fixed optics on the rifle to operate from a range of 200 m to only 150 m.[13] Whenever possible, Finnish soldiers discarded the weapon in favor of rifles acquired on the battlefield,[12] including standard models of captured Soviet-made Mosin–Nagant rifles. The latter had the advantage of using commonly available 7.62×54mmR ammunition. By the end of the Continuation War, the remaining Mod. 1938 7.35 mm rifles were issued to the Finnish Navy, as well as anti-aircraft, coastal defense, and other second-line (home front) troops.[12]

In 1941, the Italian military returned to a long-barrelled infantry rifle once again (slightly shorter than the original M91), the Carcano M91/41.[14] True sniper versions never existed, but in World War I a few rifles were fitted with telescopic lenses and issued for service use (World War II scoped rifles were strictly prototypes).

Several lots of Moschetti M91/38 TS (special troops' carbines) were chambered for the German 7.92×57mm Mauser sS heavy ball round. This modification entered service in 1945, just before the Axis capitulation.[14] According to Rottman, some were converted in 1941, possibly to make use of German ammunition stocks in North Africa, but this is basically an unsubstantiated rumor. The only batches of converted guns were produced in early 1945, with different conversion methods being developed both by Krieghoff and by F.N.A. Brescia. These guns most likely never saw combat, despite unconfirmed claims that some of these conversions were issued to the German Volkssturm ("People's Militia").[4] Some of these conversions don't require an en bloc clip, but are loaded with the standard German five-round stripper clips.[4] , while Krieghoff's used a wooden block in the magazine in order to allow single loading, while F.N.A. Brescia developed a proprietary en-bloc clip for their conversions. [15]

German forces captured large quantities of Carcanos after Italy's capitulation in September 1943. It was the most commonly issued rifle to Volkssturm units in late 1944 and 1945.[16]

After World War II, Italy replaced its Carcano rifles first with British Lee–Enfields and then with the U.S. .30 caliber (7.62 mm) M1 Garand semi-automatic rifle,[14] which the Italians labeled the 'Model 1952 (M52). Finland sold all of its approximately 74,000 remaining 7.35 mm M91/38 Carcano rifles on the surplus market. As a consequence, large quantities of surplus Carcanos were sold in the United States and Canada beginning in the 1950s. In Italy, the Polizia di Stato and the Carabinieri retained the Moschetto and T.S. carbines [14] retiring them from service in 2001 and 1981 respectively. Captured 6.5mm Carcano rifles were used by Greek forces post-war, with ammunition supplied by U.S. Western Cartridge Co. Some were also converted to 6.5×54mm Mannlicher–Schönauer, one of the standard cartridges of the Greek military at the time.

During the Libyan Civil War in 2011, many rebels went into battle with their personally-owned weapons, including old bolt-action rifles and shotguns. Of these, Carcano-style rifles and carbines have been the most frequently observed style of bolt-action rifle. They were predominantly used by rebels in the Nafusa Mountains. These old weapons saw combat once again due to the rebels' limited access to modern firearms. Additionally, some Libyan rebels preferred to use their familiar hunting weapons over the more modern, yet unfamiliar, assault rifles available.[17][18] According to Al-Fitouri Muftah, a member of the rebel military council overseeing the western mountain front, as many as 1 in 10 rebels in the region were armed with World War II-era weapons.[19]

Variants

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All variants used the same Carcano bolt action, fed by an en-bloc clip; the rifles and carbines had different barrel lengths and differences in stocks and sights depending on barrel length.[20][21] As noted in the introduction, the word moschetto means literally "musket" but was used generally by Italian arms makers as a descriptor of Italian 20th century rifles, often shorter-barrelled rifles in the carbine style meant for other than regular infantry uses. Regular length infantry rifles are named as fucile models.

Model 91 Bayonet
  • Fucile Modello 1891 (Rifle Model 1891), 6.5×52 mm with detachable knife bayonet, 780 mm (30.7 in) barrel, these were adopted on 29 March 1892 as per Ministerial Act No. 57.[22]
Carcano Model 1891 "Cavalry" carbine
  • Moschetto Modello 1891 (Musket Model 1891) 6.5×52mm with integral folding bayonet, 450 mm (17.7 in) barrel, these were adopted on 9 June 1893 and under Act No. 116 dated of 15 July 1893 is when the nomenclature became official. These have been referenced as ‘for Cavalry’ (per Cavalleria) carbines in both English and Italian lingo however, this term was only used colloquially and not in any formal way. These were initially made to be issued to Cavalry Troops but were however issued to other troops as well such as the Carabinieri Reali, Bersaglieri Ciclisti, and later to the Paratroopers and the MVSN Troops. Initially these models did not have handguards on them but were added to them as per Circular No.400 dated June 30, 1916. They modified or manufactured new made nose caps for these with a little tab on the top of them to fit the handguard into. As part of this modification process they also had to modify the rear sight assembly on the back where the handguard fit into it. These were made from 1893 well up to 1944, the easiest way to say these are such models is they all have the adjustable rear sight, no matter by which manufacturer made them or what year they were manufactured. 10,000 were made with a PS prefix allegedly for police use.[22]
  • Moschetto Modello 1891 per Truppe Speciali (Musket Model 1891 for Special Troops), 6.5×52 mm with side mounted type (transverse) bayonet, 450 mm (17.7 in) barrel, on 6 January 1900 under Act No.6 these firearms were officially called as such models even though production of these were started in 1898. These were issued to machine gun, mortar and Artillery crews. These had slings swivels on the bottom of the buttstock and on the nose cap. There two types of handguards and nose caps used on the models, the first was the type where the handguard was not retained by a little tab on the nose cap on the top of them but it was found that these could come off so as per Circular No.124 dated February 25, 1916, they decided to add the little tab to keep them in place.[22]
  • Moschetto Modello 1891 / 1924 (Musket Model 1891 / 1924), 6.5×52 mm, 450 mm (17.7 in) barrel, In 1924 they started conversion of the Fucile Modello 1891 to be shortened as per Circular No. 59 dated January 29, 1925, which specifically says the nomenclature of this firearm shall be 'moschetto mod. 91/24'. The easiest way to tell this model is that it has the longer adjustable rear sight of the rifle on it, these did not have the smaller shorter adjustable rear sights.[22]
  • Moschetto Modello 1891 per Truppe Speciali Modificato (Musket Model 1891 for Special Troops, Modified), 6.5×52 mm, 450 mm (17.7 in) barrel, There were several changes in different years of these in the sling configurations and bayonet mount on the nose cap. They either kept the original sling configuration, got rid of the one the buttstock and filled it in with wood and the one on the nose cap was also removed. They added a sling bar to the left side on the buttstock and on the left side of the stock. They also later decided to use both type of sling configurations on them. The nose caps for these were configured to use the standard 1891 rifle bayonet instead of the side mounted type and in all new productions the original nose cap and barrel bands were replaced with the Fucile mod. 91 ones. These have been nicknamed in the collector community as "91/28" models, but in no such way, shape or form were these ever called as 91/28. You can find a stamp on some of these saying "Moschetto Modello 91 /28" but it was just a short term to indicate a Mod. 91 T.S. carbine paired with a mod. 28 Tromboncino grenade launcher. In the different circulars the army wrote on the modification of these firearms for arsenal and regimental armorers, they use the word modificato or T.S. modificato, while logistics only indicate these as "Moschetto mod. 91 per T.S., as if it was the same as the old version. Nowhere are they referred to as 91/28.[22]
  • Moschetto per Truppe Speciali con Tromboncino mod. 28 (con Tromboncino, with grenade launcher) Modified Mod.91 T.S. carbine coupled with a 38.5 mm grenade launcher. 450 mm (17.7 in) barrel.
Carcano Model 1938 infantry rifle
  • Fucile Modello 1938 (Rifle Model 1938), adopted in 1938 in 7.35×51mm caliber, fixed sights, detachable folding knife bayonet) 530 mm (20.9 in) barrel.[23]
Carcano Model 1891/38 Infantry rifle
  • Moschettos (carbines) Mod. 1938 (folding bayonet) and Mod. 1938 TS (detachable bayonet) carbine versions of Model 1938 short rifle in 7.35×51mm. Production of these guns were later reverted to 6.5x52mm, with their 91/38 iteration. 450 mm (17.7 in) barrel.
  • Fucile Mod. 91/38("Model 1891/1938 rifle" chambered in 6.5×52mm caliber since 1940). The barrel is the 530 mm (20.9 in) barrel of the earlier 7.35 mm caliber, but now changed to 6.5 mm. Unlike the slightly shorter and lighter TS Moschetto, it also has both sling swivels on the left side of the stock, not visible from the right side of the rifle. This is the model (stamped "1940" to show manufacture date) owned by Lee Harvey Oswald and determined to be the John F. Kennedy assassination rifle. From 1940, the Moschetto Mod. 1938 and Mod. 1938 TS were also made in 6.5×52mm.
  • Fucile Mod. 91/41 (6.5×52mm rifle adopted in 1941, adjustable sights), developed and produced to properly exploit 6.5x52, which was underperforming in the mod.91/38 rifle barrel. Distributed to newly formed divisions in Spring 1943.690 mm (27.2 in) barrel.[23]
  • Type I Rifle 6.5×50mm infantry rifle, produced as export for the Imperial Japanese Defense Ministry (formally, to arm and train Manchukuo Armed Forces), and had adjustable sights

Users

[edit]

Kennedy assassination rifle

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Main article: John F. Kennedy assassination rifle
Carcano Model 1891/38 short rifle (Fucile mod. 91/38) with a 4-power Ordnance Optics scope used by Lee Harvey Oswald to assassinate John F. Kennedy.

In March 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald purchased a "6.5 [mm] Italian carbine", later improperly called a Mannlicher–Carcano (although it uses a Mannlicher-style en bloc clip system), through mail order, for $19.95 (equivalent to $183.90 in 2022.) [43] The advertisement only specified a "6.5 Italian Carbine" and actually shows a scoped Suprema carbine, a purpose built carbine obtained by the importer by shortening thousands of Fucile Mod. 91 to 40".[44] The Carcano carbine model sold through the ad when it was originally placed was described as a 36-inch (91 cm) carbine, so most probably a T.S. carbine. However, from a time 11 months before Oswald placed his order, the Chicago sporting goods store from which he purchased it had been shipping the slightly longer 40.2-inch (102 cm) Model 91/38 under the same ad, and this is the weapon Oswald received.

On 22 November 1963, Oswald used this weapon to assassinate U.S. President John F. Kennedy. The rifle, made in the Terni arsenal in 1940 and bearing the serial number C2766, was equipped for an extra $7 with a new 4x18 Japanese telescopic sight, on a sheet metal side mount. It was later scrutinized by local police, the FBI, the U.S. Army and two federal commissions. Shooting tests, conducted by those groups and others using the original rifle or similar models, addressed questions about the speed and accuracy with which the Carcano could be fired. Following lawsuits over its ownership, the rifle ended up in storage at the National Archives. The assassination was one of the factors leading to passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968, which banned mail order sales of firearms.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Bianco, Diego (2024-09-27), "Japanese "Type I" Carcano", Carcano Compendium
  2. ^ Pettinelli, Ruggero (2005-07-20). "Carcano tipo I calibro 6,5×50: al servizio del Sol Levante". Armi e Tiro.
  3. ^ Baker, Peter (2023-09-09). "J.F.K. Assassination Witness Breaks His Silence and Raises New Questions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-09-10.
  4. ^ a b c Rottman, Gordon L. (2013). The Big Book of Gun Trivia: Everything you want to know, don’t want to know, and don’t know you need to know. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 203−205. ISBN 978-1-78200-949-8.
  5. ^ Dunlap, Roy F., Ordnance Went Up Front, Samworth Press (1948), pp. 47: Dunlap, a small arms ordnance expert serving with the Foreign Weapons section in the Royal Ordnance Corps, broke down many Italian 6.5×52 mm cartridges, and sometimes found different components in the same rifle clip—up to four different types of smokeless powder, using different size flash holes for the primer in an attempt to regulate the burning speed and resultant velocity.
  6. ^ C.Zambon, P.Taviani (2020). Munizioni Militari d'Italia 1861-1946. TZ editore.
  7. ^ C.Zambon, P.Taviani (2020). Munizioni Militari d'Italia 1861-1946. TZ editore.
  8. ^ Pettinelli, Ruggero (2020). "Il Fucile Utensile". Armi e Tiro.
  9. ^ Dunlap, Roy F., Ordnance Went Up Front, Samworth Press (1948), pp. 47-48: The 6.5mm Carcano had reportedly proved inadequate in stopping charges of native tribesmen for a number of years, prompting various stop-gap solutions such as employing brass-jacketed multiple projectile or frangible explosive bullets, apparently for use against tribesmen in colonial conflicts.
  10. ^ Weeks, John, World War II Small Arms, New York: Galahad Books, p. 47: the 6.5mm's blunt bullet and relatively low velocity also gave poor long range performance in machine guns, compared to the cartridges used by most other nations.
  11. ^ Miller, David (2007). Fighting Men of World War II, Volume I: Axis Forces--Uniforms, Equipment, and Weapons (Fighting Men of World War II). Stackpole Books. p. 369. ISBN 978-0-8117-0277-5.
  12. ^ a b c d e f The Finnish Army 1918–1945: Rifles, Part 6 Three Mausers and One Terni Jaeger Platoon Website
  13. ^ McCollum, Ian (August 1, 2017). "M38 TS Carcano Carbine: Brilliant or Rubbish?". forgottenweapons.com. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
  14. ^ a b c d "Le Carcano modèle 1891 et ses dérivés". La Gazette des Armes (in French). No. 239. December 1993. pp. 25–29. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018.
  15. ^ Pettinelli, Ruggero (November 2022). Le armi della Repubblica Sociale. Armi e Tiro.
  16. ^ a b Yelton, David (2006). Hitler's Home Guard: Volkssturmman. Osprey Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 1-84603-013-7.
  17. ^ "YouTube". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  18. ^ Chivers, C.J. (April 20, 2011). "Inferior Arms Hobble Rebels in Libya War". The New York Times.
  19. ^ Smith, David (July 12, 2011). "Libyan rebels make gains against Gaddafi forces in western mountains". The Guardian. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  20. ^ W.H.B. Smith, Small Arms of the World, Stackpole, 1966, 8th ed., pages 476, 477.
  21. ^ "Carcano Identification: A Quick and Dirty Guide for Variations". candrsenal.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  22. ^ a b c d e giovanni chegia. "Storia del fucile 91". Il91.it. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
  23. ^ a b "The Italian Carcano Rifle". Archived from the original on 2011-09-24. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
  24. ^ a b c Walter, John (25 March 2006). Rifles of the World. Krause Publications. p. 273. ISBN 0-89689-241-7.
  25. ^ "Italian Carcano Rifles Captured by Austro-Hungary". hungariae.com. Manowar. 28 Dec 2010. Retrieved 21 Feb 2015.
  26. ^ Vladimir Brnardic (22 November 2016). World War II Croatian Legionaries: Croatian Troops Under Axis Command 1941—45. Bloomsbury USA. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4728-1767-9.
  27. ^ a b Scarlata, Paul (Feb 1, 2009). "Ethiopian military rifle cartridges part 1: from the Queen of Sheba to Adowa". Shotgun News.
  28. ^ Scarlata, Paul (Mar 1, 2009). "Ethiopian military rifle cartridges: Part 2: from Mauser to Kalashnikov". Shotgun News.
  29. ^ "FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: RIFLES PART 6". www.jaegerplatoon.net. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  30. ^ Oleh Hendi Jo (2018-01-31). "Pembantaian di Perkebunan Karet - Historia". Historia.id. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
  31. ^ Carcano Modello 1891 (M91)
  32. ^ Small Arms Survey (2005). "Sourcing the Tools of War: Small Arms Supplies to Conflict Zones". Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War. Oxford University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-19-928085-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 9, 2010.
  33. ^ W. Darrin Weaver (2005). Desperate Measures: The Last-Ditch Weapons of the Nazi Volkssturm. Collector Grade Publications. p. 61. ISBN 0889353727.
  34. ^ Scarlata, Paul (April 2014). "Military rifle cartridges of the Netherlands: from Sumatra to Afghanistan". Shotgun News.
  35. ^ Shih, Bin (September 9, 2021). China's Small Arms of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) (2021 ed.). pp. 123, 294. ISBN 979-8473557848.
  36. ^ Philip S. Jowett (2004). Chinese Warlord Armies, 1911–30. Osprey Publishing. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-84908-402-4.
  37. ^ Bogdanivić, Branko (1990). Puške: dva veka pušaka na teritoriji Jugloslavije. SPORTINVEST, Belgrade. pp. 110–123. ISBN 86-7597-001-3.
  38. ^ Scarlata, Paul (1 October 2017). "Yugoslav Part II: World War II small arms: an assortment of small arms from friends and foe alike". Firearms News.
  39. ^ Vukšić, Velimir (July 2003). Tito's partisans 1941–45. Warrior 73. Osprey Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-84176-675-1.
  40. ^ Scarlata, Paul (February 2010). "The military rifle cartridges of Syria". Shotgun News.
  41. ^ Scarlata, Paul (November 2012). "Military rifle cartridges of Tunisia: from Phoenicians to today". Shotgun News.
  42. ^ Chegia, Giovanni; Riccio, Ralph (27 May 2016). The Model 1891 Carcano rifle : a detailed developmental & production history. Schiffer Military History. p. 113. ISBN 978-0764350818.
  43. ^ "Operational Requirements For An Infantry Hand Weapon". data.bls.gov. June 19, 1952. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  44. ^ Organ, Jerry. "Camelot's Carcano Course".
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